Novel Study on Chemical Characterization and Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticholinesterase Activity of Essential Oil from Ecuadorian Bryophyte Syzygiella rubricaulis (Nees) Stephani.

Our research focuses on exploring the chemical composition and some biological properties of the essential oil derived from Syzygiella rubricaulis (Nees) Stephani, a bryophyte species. To conduct a comprehensive analysis, we utilized a DB5MS capillary column along with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flame ionization (GC-FID). The qualitative and quantitative examination revealed the presence of 50 compounds, with hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (48.35%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (46.89%) being the predominant constituents. Noteworthy compounds identified include bicyclogermacrene (12.004%), cedranone <5-> (9.034%), spathulenol (6.835%), viridiflorol (6.334%), silphiperfol-5,7(14)-diene (6.216%), biotol <ß-> (6.075%), guaiol (4.607%), viridiflorene (4.65%), and α-guaienol (3.883%). Furthermore, we assessed the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase activity of the essential oil, revealing a compelling inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 value of 26.75 ± 1.03 µg/mL and a moderate antimicrobial (MIC 500 µg/mL, Enterococcus faecium, Lysteria monocytogenes) and antioxidant effect (ABTS: SC50 343.38 and DPPH 2650.23 µg/mL). These findings suggest the potential therapeutic application of the bryophyte essential oil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease due to its potent anticholinesterase properties.

Biological Crust Diversity Related to Elevation and Soil Properties at Local Scale in a Montane Scrub of Ecuador.

The montane shrublands of southern Ecuador represent one of the least studied ecosystems, which in the last decade have been seriously threatened by increasing wildfires, deforestation, overgrazing, and conversion to forest plantations. Our main objective was to determine, at the local scale, the diversity of species composing the biological soil crust (BSC) at three elevations (2100, 2300, and 2500 m.a.s.l.) and their possible relationships with soil physical and chemical properties in montane shrublands. For this purpose, three monitoring plots of 100 m2 were established at each elevation, and within each plot, 20 subplots were established (180 subplots sampled in total). In addition, composite soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 to 10 cm, and some physical and biochemical parameters (e.g., bulk density, texture, pH, organic matter, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and potassium) of the soil were analyzed. The results show 35 species (23 lichens, 10 bryophytes and 2 cyanobacteria) at three elevations with a bell-shaped or hump-shaped distribution pattern. This allowed us to point out that the species richness was higher at the intermediate elevations and that the composition showed significant differences in the three elevations related to soil factors. Elevation and soil drivers may help to better chose the more suitable biological soil crust (lichen-dominated and bryophyte-dominated BSC) for the management and conservation of the montane scrub of Ecuador, which is strongly threatened by human activities.

The Mental Health Consequences of Losing a Loved One to COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between loss of a loved one to COVID-19 and depression, anxiety and suicide ideation among Rhode Island young adults. METHODS: The 2022 Rhode Island Young Adult Survey recruited 1,022 young adults aged 18-25 years who lived in Rhode Island. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds of depression, anxiety, and suicide ideation due to experiencing a loss due to COVID-19. RESULTS: The odds of anxiety and suicide ideation were 57% (OR[95% CI] = 1.57 [1.13, 2.18]) and 79% (OR[95% CI] = 1.79 [1.19, 2.70]) greater among participants who lost a close friend or family member due to COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Losing a loved one to COVID-19 increases the risk of anxiety or suicide ideation among young adults in RI. Prevention measures such as screening for mental health symptoms and incorporating mental health awareness into college, university and workplace settings should be instituted.

Screening of Antibacterial Activity of Some Resupinate Fungi, Reveal Gloeocystidiellum lojanense sp. nov. (Russulales) against E. coli from Ecuador.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a serious public health problem that needs new antibacterial compounds for control. Fungi, including resupinated fungi, are a potential source to discover new bioactive compounds efficient again to bacteria resistant to antibiotics. The inhibitory capacity against the bacterial species was statistically evaluated. All the species (basidiomata and strains) were molecularly characterized with the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 barcoding marker. The strains Ceraceomyces sp., Fuscoporia sp., Gloeocystidiellum sp., Oliveonia sp., Phanerochaete sp., and Xenasmatella sp. correspond to resupinate Basidiomycetes, and only the strain Hypocrea sp. is an Ascomycete, suggesting contamination to the basidiome of Tulasnella sp. According to the antagonistic test, only the Gloeocystidiellum sp. strain had antibacterial activity against the bacterial species Escherichia coli of clinical interest. Statistically, Gloeocystidiellum sp. was significantly (<0.001) active against two E. coli pathotypes (O157:H7 and ATCC 25922). Contrarily, the antibacterial activity of fungi against other pathotypes of E. coli and other strains such as Serratia sp. was not significant. The antibacterial activity between 48 and 72 h increased according to the measurement of the inhibition halos. Because of this antibacterial activity, Gloeocystidiellum sp. was taxonomically studied in deep combined morphological and molecular characterization (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2; partial LSU D1/D2 of nrDNA). A new species Gloeocystidiellum lojanense, a resupinate and corticioid fungus from a tropical montane rainforest of southern Ecuador, with antibacterial potential against E. coli, is proposed to the science.

Monitoring Air Quality with Transplanted Bryophytes in a Neotropical Andean City.

Air pollution is one of the main global environmental problems, where bryophytes, due to their high capacity to retain metals and other pollutants, have been widely used in active air quality monitoring studies in temperate and tropical zones. Thus, in this study, we analyzed for the first time the concentrations of eight metals (cadmium, copper, nickel, aluminum, iron, manganese, lead and zinc) in three species of transplanted mosses (Rhacocarpus purpurascens (Brid.) Paris, Sphagnum sp. and Thuidium delicatulum (Hedw.) Schimp.) from Ecuador. Significant differences were found for the three species in the concentrations of Al, Mn, Fe and Zn between urban and control areas, pointing to the Central zone as the main source of contamination with the highest concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn and Zn, related to vehicular traffic. Lead did not differ between zones for Rhacocarpus purpurascens and Sphagnum sp.; however, Thuidium delicatulum accumulated different concentrations between urban areas and the control areas. The three species of mosses provided valuable information on the contamination of Al, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in the urban area of the city of Loja, and therefore can be used in future air quality monitoring programs over time in tropical cities.

Are Juglans neotropica Plantations Useful as a Refuge of Bryophytes Diversity in Tropical Areas?

Neotropical montane forests are considered biodiversity hotspots, where epiphytic bryophytes are an important component of the diversity, biomass and functioning of these ecosystems. We evaluated the richness and composition of bryophytes in secondary successional forests and mixed plantations of Juglans neotropica. In each forest type, the presence and cover of epiphytic bryophytes was registered in 400 quadrats of 20 cm × 30 cm. We analyzed the effects of canopy openness, diameter at breast height (DBH) and forest type on bryophyte richness, using a generalized linear model (GLM), as well as the changes in species composition using multivariate analysis. Fifty-five bryophyte species were recorded, of which 42 species were in secondary forests and 40 were in mixed plantations. Bryophyte richness did not change at forest level; however, at tree level, richness was higher in the mixed plantation of J. neotropica compared to the secondary forests, due to the presence of species adapted to high light conditions. On the other hand, bryophyte communities were negatively affected by the more open canopy in the mixed plantation of J. neotropica, species adapted to more humid conditions being less abundant. We conclude that species with narrow microclimatic niches are threatened by deforestation, and J. neotropica plantations do not act as refuge for drought-sensitive forest species present in secondary forests.

Soil and Leaf Nutrients Drivers on the Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Siparuna muricata (Ruiz & Pav.) A. DC. from Ecuador.

Chemical compositions of plants are affected by the initial nutrient contents in the soil and climatic conditions; thus, we analyzed for the first time the effects of soil and leaf nutrients on the compositions of the essential oils (EOs) of Siparuna muricata in four different localities in Ecuador. EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and a gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Enantiomeric distribution by GC/MS was determined, modifying the enantiomeric separation of ß-pinene, limonene, δ-elemene, ß-bourbonene, cis-cadina-1 (6), 4-diene and atractylone. A total of 44 compounds were identified. The most representative for L1 were guaiol, atractylone and 4-diene; for L2, cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene and myrcene; for L3, atractylone, myrcene and germacrene B; and finally, L4 germacrene B, myrcene and cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene. Correlations between soil- leaf chemical elements such as Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, N and Si in the different localities were significant with chemical composition of the essential oil of Siparuna muricata; however, correlations between soil and leaf K, P, and Na were not significant. Cluster and NMDS analysis showed high dissimilarity values of secondary metabolites between four localities related with changes in soil- leaf nutrients. Thus, the SIMPER routine revealed that not all secondary metabolites contribute equally to establishing the differences in the four localities, and the largest contributions are due to differences in guaiol, cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene, atractylone and germacrene. Our investigation showed for the first time the influences of altitude and soil- leaf chemical elements in the chemical composition of the EOs of S. muricata.

Platyhypnidium aquaticum as Bioindicator of Metal and Metalloid Contamination of River Water in a Neotropical Mountain City.

Water contamination is a major environmental problem in many cities of the world. Most water contamination results from industry and human activities that generate toxic substances (e.g., metals). Rheophilic and aquatic mosses are found in lotic ecosystems, and their morphological and physiological traits are responsive to ecological and pollution gradients. Here we hypothesized that the native rheophilic moss Platyhypnidium aquaticum (A. Jaeger) M. Fleisch exposed to polluted waters can bioaccumulate greater amounts of metals, and a metalloid, than P. aquaticum exposed to pollution-free water. To this aim, we tested the bioindicator capacity of the aquatic P. aquaticum for 15 metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, K, Ca, Na, Mn, V, Co, Ba, Cr, Al, Sr, and Mg) and one metalloid (As), in twelve river samples coming from three urban and one control zone along the Zamora river in the city of Loja. When compared to the control, our results showed that P. aquaticum in the Southern, Central, and Northern zones of the city bioaccumulated higher concentrations of Ba, Cd, Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr, Zn, and the metalloid As. On the other hand, concentrations of Al, Ca, Cr, Pb, and V in P. aquaticum tended to be lower in the control zone, but these differences were not significant. We suggest that the presence of these contaminants may be related to water pollution (e.g., residual discharges and a lack of treatment systems) along urban zones of the river. We report for the first time the utility of P. aquaticum as a model species for development of long-term biomonitoring programs of water contamination in South America. Passive biomonitoring with P. aquaticum can be a simple and low-cost method to obtain reliable data of the current state of water contamination with metals and metalloids in tropical regions.

Briófitos en los troncos de árboles como indicadores de la alteración en bosques montanos de Panamá

Introducción: Los bosques montanos tropicales se caracterizan por una alta riqueza y endemismo de briófitos. Sin embargo, la diversidad es altamente sensible a cambios microclimáticos relacionados con alteraciones antrópicas. Objetivo: En este estudio, se evaluó la riqueza y composición de briófitos epífitos en los troncos de árboles de bosques montanos alterados y bosques no alterados ubicados en la ladera occidental del Parque Nacional Volcán Barú. Métodos: Los bosques no alterados mostraron alta humedad, mientras que los bosques alterados mostraron altos niveles de luz y temperatura. En cada árbol evaluamos la presencia y cobertura de briófitos epífitos en 160 cuadrantes de 20 × 30 cm. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 86 especies (49 hepáticas y 37 musgos). La riqueza fue positivamente influenciada por la alteración antrópica, donde los bosques alterados presentaron un mayor número de epífitos de sol. La composición de las comunidades difiere entre los dos tipos de bosques, donde las epífitas de sombra fueron restringidas a bosques no alterados, mientras que las epífitas de sol a zonas alteradas. Conclusiones: Las comunidades de briófitos fueron indicadores efectivos de la alteración de los bosques montanos del Parque Nacional Volcán Barú. Por lo tanto, la conservación de los bosques no alterados garantizará la conservación de una rica y diversa comunidad de briófitos epífitos.

Introduction: Tropical montane forests are characterized by high species richness and endemism of bryophytes. However, this diversity is highly sensitive to microclimatic changes related to anthropogenic disturbance. Objective: In this study, we assessed the richness and composition of epiphytic bryophytes on the trunks of trees in undisturbed and disturbed montane forests on the Western slope of the Baru Volcano National Park. Methods: Undisturbed forests were highly humid, while disturbed forests showed high light levels and temperature. In each tree we measured the presence and cover of epiphytic bryophytes in 160 quadrants of 20 × 30 cm. Results: In total, we recorded 86 species (49 liverworts and 37 mosses). Bryophytes richness was positively influenced by disturbance, with disturbed forests showing a high number of sun epiphytes. Bryophyte community composition was different in each forest type, with shade epiphytes confined to primary forests and sun epiphytes restricted to disturbed sites. Conclusions: Bryophyte communities were effective indicators of montane forests disturbance on the Baru Volcano. Thus, protection of the undisturbed forests remnants might help to preserve a rich and diverse community of epiphytic bryophytes.

Volatile Metabolites in Liverworts of Ecuador.

Volatile metabolites from Frullania brasiliensis Raddi, Herbertus juniperoideus (Sw.) Grolle, Leptoscyphus hexagonus (Nees) Grolle, and Syzygiella anomala (Lindenb. & Gottsche) Steph collected in the south of Ecuador were investigated. Volatile secondary metabolites were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Sixty-seven volatile compounds were identified in the four species, which represent between 80.12-90.17% of the total chemical composition. The major components were τ-muurolol (32.14%) and Germacrene-D (11.98%) in the essential oil of F. brasiliensis, bicyclogermacrene (18.23%), and Caryophyllene oxide (15.29%) in the oil of H. juniperoideus, Cabreuva oxide D (33.77%) and Elemol (18.55%) in the oil of Leptoscyphus hexagonus, and Silphiperfola-5,7(14)-diene (25.22%) and Caryophyllene oxide (8.98%) in the oil of Syzygiella anomala. This is the first report on volatile compounds for the species Herbertus juniperoideus, Leptoscyphus hexagonus, and Syzygiella anomala.

Short communication: Selection for persistency by changing the shape of lactation curves with geometric morphometrics.

The objective was to simulate the response to selection by modifying the shape of the lactation curve to improve persistency in Israeli first-parity Holstein cattle using geometric morphometrics and multivariate quantitative genetics. The 2-dimensional Cartesian coordinates representing the shape of the lactation curve were characterized using geometric morphometrics. Genetic parameters of daily milk yield were estimated for the individual animal model using REML. Results of selection were simulated using the multivariate breeders' equation. We defined 6 selection regimens: (1) decrease in the third month in milk (MIM), (2) increase in the ninth MIM, (3) decrease in the third MIM and increase in the ninth MIM, (4) decrease in the first MIM, (5) decrease in the second MIM, and (6) decrease in the fourth MIM. The first 3 selection criteria targeted changes in the MIM of previous measurements of persistency in the Israeli Holstein population, and the last 3 targeted the months with the highest variability. All selection regimens attempted to modify the shape of the lactation curve while keeping total milk yield constant. The first 3 selection regimens showed greater total responses, with the highest response for decrease in the third MIM and increase in the ninth MIM. Magnitudes of correlated responses consistently surpassed direct responses in all selection criteria, suggesting that selection on specific parts of the lactation curve would produce correlated responses in other parts. Predicted responses to selections were depicted as shape changes from the mean shape in the data set. Most predicted responses demonstrated a fairly similar shape compared with the lactation curve. The predicted responses of lactation shapes of the last 3 selection regimens were overall lower in the first 3 MIM and decreased less in the last MIM, demonstrating a much flatter shape and thus improved persistency.

Enseñanza de la cirugía en Ecuador: un recorrido histórico de la especialidad y sus disciplinas afines / Teaching surgery in Ecuador: a tour History of the specialty and its related disciplines

Contexto: la cirugía ha sufrido variaciones históricas y se ha expandido a través del tiempo de forma progresiva y constante. Objetivo: describir la enseñanza de la cirugía a través de la historia en Ecuador. Discusión: la realización de modelos anatómicos para procedimientos quirúrgicos proporciona una importante experiencia al cirujano en formación y una mejora su desempeño al perfeccionarse su técnica quirúrgica con el beneficio de acortar la curva de aprendizaje. La posibilidad de certificación de todas las especialidades quirúrgicas y la educación médica continua, es una tarea pendiente para nuestro país. El progreso de la Cirugía General, haciendo uso de los avances tecnológicos, ha permitido el perfeccionamiento de la especialidad y ha motivado al resto de especialidades quirúrgicas afines a adoptar estas nuevas tecnologías e incursionar en las súper especialidades. La elaboración de este artículo constituye un primer esfuerzo, para con mayor investigación y testimonios ir completando este fascinante recorrido histórico de la especialidad, del cual somos testigos presenciales en las tres últimas décadas. Conclusión: la enseñanza tradicional de cirugía abierta ha requerido adaptarse al vertiginoso advenimiento de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva, desde finales de la década de 1980 hasta 1991, donde aparece en Ecuador. (AU)

Context: surgery has undergone historical variations and has expanded over time in a progressive and constant manner. Objective: to describe the teaching of surgery through history in Ecuador. Discussion: the realization of anatomical models for surgical procedures provides an important experience to the surgeon in training and improves its performance by perfecting its surgical technique with the benefit of shortening the learning curve. The possibility of certification of all surgical specialties and continuing medical education is a pending task for our country. The progress of General Surgery, making use of technological advances, has allowed the improvement of the specialty and has motivated the rest of surgical specialties related to adopt these new technologies and venture into the super specialties. The preparation of this article constitutes a first effort, with more research and testimonies, to complete this fascinating historical tour of the specialty, of which we are eyewitnesses in the last three decades. Conclusion: the traditional teaching of open surgery has required adapting to the vertiginous advent of minimally invasive surgery, from the late 1980s to 1991, where it appears in Ecuador. (AU)

Using geometric morphometrics for the genetics analysis of shape and size of lactation curves in Israeli first-parity Holstein cattle.

Our objective was to combine the methods of geometric morphometrics and multivariate quantitative genetics to genetic evaluation of the size and shape of lactation curves of milk of 3,492 Israeli first-parity Holstein cattle. Lactation records were treated as morphological data, for which 2 different lactation shape functions were evaluated, one depicted by a line graph and the other by an orbital graph. The lactation curves from both shape functions were represented by 2-dimensional Cartesian landmark coordinates. The 2 sets of landmarks were then analyzed individually for each shape function with geometric morphometrics to separate variation into components of size and shape. The analysis yielded 2 size measures and 2 sets of shape variables, and they were the inputs to estimate variance components using the MTC REML individual animal model program. Variance components were also estimated for the 305-d lactation production as a reference. Shape variables showed negligible correlation with 305-d production, providing evidence of size and shape of lactation curve as separate characters. The size measure derived from the orbital-depicted lactation curve had equal heritability (0.39 ± 0.01; ± standard error) and complete genetic and environmental correlations with 305-d production, whereas the size measure derived from the line-depicted lactation curve showed low heritability (0.09 ± 0.01) and environmental correlation (0.02 ± 0.004) and relative high genetic correlation with 305-d production (0.48 ± 0.04). This may validate both the orbital graph to depict lactation records and the use of geometric morphometrics to split variation of lactation curve into size and shape components. The maximal heritability for shape of lactation curve was 0.55 for orbital- and 0.56 for line-depicted lactation curves. The respective patterns of variations were visualized as shape changes from the mean shape in the data set. Geometric morphometrics are well grounded within the theory of shape analysis and can be paired with conventional methods in the field to characterize the patterns of phenotypic and genetic variation of shape and size of lactation curve in dairy cattle.

Functional roles of a predicted branched chain aminotransferase encoded by the LkBAT1 gene of the yeast Lachancea kluyveri.

Branched chain amino acid aminotransferases (BCATs) catalyze the last step of the biosynthesis and the first step of the catabolism of branched chain amino acids. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, BCATs are encoded by the ScBAT1 and ScBAT2 paralogous genes. Analysis of Lachancea kluyveri genome sequence, allowed the identification of the LkBAT1 locus, which could presumably encode a BCAT. A second unlinked locus (LkBAT1bis), exhibiting sequence similarity to LkBAT1 was also identified. To determine the function of these putative BCATs, L. kluyveri mutant strains lacking LkBAT1, LkBAT1bis or both genes were generated and tested for VIL metabolism. LkBat1 displayed branched chain aminotransferase activity and is required for VIL biosynthesis and catabolism. However, Lkbat1Δ mutant is a valine and isoleucine auxotroph and a leucine bradytroph indicating that L. kluyveri harbors an alternative enzyme(s) involved in leucine biosynthesis. Additionally, heterologous reciprocal gene complementation between S. cerevisiae and L. kluyveri orthologous LkBAT1, ScBAT1 and ScBAT2 genes, confirmed that the mitochondrial LkBat1 functions as BCAT in S. cerevisiae, restoring wild type phenotype to the ScBAT1 null mutant. Conversely, LkBAT1bis did not display a role in BCAAs metabolism. However, when ethanol was used as carbon source, deletion of LkBAT1bis in an Lkbat1Δ null strain resulted in an extended 'lag' growth phase, pointing to a potential function of LkBAT1 and LkBAT1bis in the aerobic metabolism of L. kluyveri. These results confirm the BCAT function of LkBAT1 in L. kluyveri, and further support the proposition that the BCAT function in ancestral-type yeasts has been distributed in the two paralogous genes present in S. cerevisiae.

Effects of tropical montane forest disturbance on epiphytic macrolichens.

The high diversity of epiphytes typical of undisturbed montane tropical forests has been negatively affected by continuous deforestation and forest conversion to secondary vegetation. Macrolichens are an important component of these epiphytes. Because their physiology is strongly coupled to humidity and solar radiation, we hypothesized that microclimatic changes derived from forest clearing and logging can affect the diversity of these poikilohydric organisms. In southern Ecuador, we examined three types of forests according to a disturbance gradient (primary forests, secondary forests, and monospecific forests of Alnus acuminata) for the presence/absence and coverage of epiphytic macrolichens that we identified on 240 trees. We found that total richness tended to decrease when the range of the disturbance increased. The impoverishment was particularly drastic for "shade-adapted lichens", while the richness of "heliophytic lichens" increased in the drier conditions of secondary growth. Epiphytic composition also differed significantly among the three types of forests, and the similarity decreased when the range of the disturbance was greater. We concluded that a span of 40 years of recovery by secondary vegetation was not enough to regenerate the diversity of epiphytic macrolichens that was lost due to forest disturbances.

Ketorolaco en la analgesia postoperatoria en Cirugía General comparación con pentazocina

Se realizó un estudio doble ciego, comparativo del efecto analgésico del Ketorolaco con la Pentazocina, luego de una administración en dosis única de 30mg por vía intramuscular. Se evaluaron a 60 pacientes sometidos a cirugía abdominal mayor, seleccionados en forma aleatoria simple en dos grupos de 30 cada uno. Se registró la tensión arterial, frecuencia cardíaca, frecuencia respiratoria y grado de analgesia usando la escala análoga visual (VAS) a los 5,10,15,20,30 minutos; 1,2,3,4,5,6 horas. También se valoraron efectos indeseables. Se encontró que: el tiempo de latencia para el alivio del dolor fué mas corto y la duración de la analgesia fue mayor para el grupo de pacientes que recibieron Ketorolaco (p 0.001) en comparación al grupo tratado con Pentazocina. El efecto analgésico fue superior para el Ketorolaco en su fase inicial pero ha medida que transcurrió el tiempo hasta las 6 horas, estas diferencias se fueron acortando. Los principales efectos indeseables, fueron náusea, vómito y mareo sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa en los dos grupos (pns). Se demostró que el Ketorolaco posee una adecuada potencia analgésica postoperatoria y mínimos efectos indeseables. Por lo que es recomendable para uso rutinario en el control del dolor postoperatorio.